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I’ve queried several friends, colleagues, and people in my sphere if they’ve ever filed a title insurance claim. No one ever did. Yet everyone pays for title insurance when they buy or refinance a home. Not satisfied with the result of my informal query, I asked a probate attorney I knew and he said that title insurance is not evil and indeed very necessary.

According to wikipedia:

Title insurance is insurance against loss from defects in title to real property and from the invalidity or unenforceability of mortgage liens. It is available in many countries but it is principally a product developed and sold in the United States. It is meant to protect an owner’s or lender’s financial interest in real property against loss due to title defects, liens or other matters. It will defend against a lawsuit attacking the title as it is insured, or reimburse the insured for the actual monetary loss incurred, up to the dollar amount of insurance provided by the policy.

Here are those title defects:

• Forged deeds, releases, or wills
• False impersonation of the true owner of the property
• Undisclosed or missing heirs
• Instruments executed under invalid or expired powers of attorney
• Misinterpretations of wills, or discovery of a later will after probate of first will
• Deeds by minors, by persons of unsound mind, or by persons supposedly single but in fact married
• Liens for unpaid estate, inheritance, income, or gift taxes
• Mistakes in recording of legal documents, or deeds recorded but improperly indexed and therefore not found through a title search
• Disputed release of prior mortgage or lien, as given under mistake or misunderstanding or ineffective release of prior mortgage, as
  fraudulently obtained by predecessor in title
• Undisclosed divorce of one who conveys as a sole heir of a deceased former spouse
• Deed to or from a “corporation” before incorporation or after loss of corporate charter
• Claims resulting from the use of “alias” or fictitious names by a predecessor in title

For more on why you need title insurance, check out this bulletin by Land Title.

I get a lot of email. Some are linking requests. Some are spam that somehow get through GMAIL’s spam filter. Some are mortgage requests. Some are mortgage questions. Some are mortgage vendors trying to sell me something.

On Sunday, I received a well written argument from a reader who asked me to post his response to the Denver Post article NO MONEY DOWN: A HIGH RISK GAMBLE.

Phil,

I enjoy frequenting your blog, and wanted to be sure to share this with you. I am an independent Mortgage Broker with my own company Source Financial LLC, and I wrote an extended response to The Sunday Denver Post’s lead article from September 17, 2006 entitled “No Money Down: A High-Risk Gamble” [www.denverpost.com/ci_4347686].

I found the Denver Post article to be riddled with misrepresentations, one-sided accountings, and dangerous misinformation, all supporting a traditionalist approach to mortgages that has put two-thirds of all families into home ownership, but yet has led to a situation where the average fifty year-old American is worth negative $7000, only 5% of Americans retire at age 65 in financial dignity, and 9 out of 10 Americans die in debt.

In reference to my 2000 word response, Denver Post Business Editor Stephen Keating indicated that “I will take the time to read it and digest your observations, and discuss it with the rest of the reporting/editing team here.” Article author and Denver Post Business Writer Greg Grifffin wrote “This is a well-reasoned and well-supported argument. I don’t agree with everything you’ve said, but you’ve managed to get me thinking.” Unfortunately, checking today’s (September 24) Sunday Denver Post and www.denverpost.com, my response remained unpublished…

A Response to “No Money Down: A High-Risk Gamble” – The Sunday Denver Post, September 17, 2006 lead article [www.denverpost.com/ci_4347686]

As an independent Mortgage Broker that owns my own company, Source Financial LLC, in addition to being affiliated with a larger mortgage company that handles the processing and servicing of my loans, Lion Financial Corporation, I read the lead article “No Money Down: A High-Risk Gamble” with great interest. Knowing that a lot of folks along the Front Range turn to the Denver Post as an objective source for information, I was shocked and dismayed by much of the information and conclusions that were put forth on a topic that already invokes a fight or flight response among many home owners.

100% financing loans have been an amazing tool that has greatly contributed to the 5% increase over the last twenty years in percentage of homes occupied by the owner. But it is not the lack of equity that is putting these borrowers into jeopardy, it is a lack of a flexible asset base to deal with changes that has been increasing the risk of these folks defaulting. In general, people that utilize 100% financing for home purchases usually are lacking the liquid assets, emergency funds, and overall wiggle room to deal with financial hardship.

Of course lenders usually have guidelines concerning liquid asset reserves that must be held by the borrower in order to qualify for a loan, but often they only require enough to cover two to four months of mortgage payments. When people do face catastrophic events rightfully referenced by the Denver Post, “job loss, medical problems and divorce,” those reserves can often quickly disappear.

But having equity in one’s home when faced with these situations does not “give homeowners options when they face financial problems,” because it is precisely when folks are facing such dilemmas that they are quite often unable to qualify for refinancing, as at that point in time they are too high risk of a borrower for lenders to work with. As a Mortgage Broker I am deeply disturbed by this fact, but unfortunately it is a reality that we all must face when dealing with banks and lenders.

And probably the most misunderstood aspect of homeownership is the fact that equity is a ZERO PERCENT RETURN INVESTMENT. Yet two-thirds of Americans hold the majority of their wealth in home equity, which is a non-liquid asset that gives them absolutely zero return. Many people confuse appreciation, which is the increase in home value due to market trends, with getting some kind of return on their equity, but that is a common misconception. That is why it is so important for homeowners to separate their equity from their home via refinancing, and put those “cashed out” funds into investment vehicles that offer an actual rate of return. In doing so, homeowners increase their overall liquidity, improve their capacity to face emergencies, reduce their financial risk, increase their rate of return, improve their tax deductions, and diversify their investment portfolio.

Instead of spending their liquid asset base (savings) to finish their basement and send money to their parents, such as in the case of Jose Garcia and Maria Vanderhorst, borrowers with 100% financing have to exercise greater financial discipline. And putting money down and getting into a 30-year fixed would not have improved their situation, as then their down payment would be tied up as equity, which is a non-liquid asset, money that can only be accessed through refinancing or by selling their home.

100% finanacing loans are not dangerous, what is dangerous is borrowers not having a liquid asset base to deal with life’s contingencies. Unfortunately, these are the type of borrowers that tend towards 100% financing, as it really is their only option for home ownership. And tying up their wealth in the straightjacket known as equity is not part of the solution, it is part of the problem. An incredible means to access equity for the purpose of greater fiscal flexbility and all the other goods mentioned above, or “cashing out equity as one goes,” is the Option-ARM loan, which received quite a misguided slamming in the Denver Post article.

The Payment Option Loan gives the borrower four different payment options each and every month: they can make an Interest Only, 30-Year amortized, or 15-Year amortized payment based upon the fully indexed interest rate, or they can make the minimum payment that is based upon a very low “start rate” (usually between 1% and 4%), which involves deferring interest (a.k.a. negative amortization), or adding the difference between the Interest Only payment and the minimum payment onto the principal of the loan. Now while most lenders offer the Payment Option Loan with an adjustable fully indexed rate, one that starts adjusting as early as the first month, some lenders offer the Payment Option Loan with a fixed interest rate for the first five years.

The Payment Option Loan has proven to be a favorite of Real Estate Investors and Real Estate Agents, as it frees up extra cash flow on a monthly basis for much greater investment opportunities. Knowing that equity is a zero percent return investment is some powerful information to have.

The annecdote concerning Louis and India Harts conflated the fixed “start rate” with the adjustable “fully indexed rate”, such that readers were left with the impression that the Harts’ interest rate went from 2.6% to 8.1%. The start rate, which determines how much the minimum payment will be, is not a “teaser rate” that “quickly shoots up”. Some lenders do gradually increase the minimum payment itself (not its determining start rate) on an annual basis, usually somwhere in the range of 7.5% per year, to keep the borrower from deferring too much interest. But the start rates is always otherwise a fixed rate. It is the fully indexed rate, upon which the Interest Only, 30-Year amortized, or 15-Year amortized payments are based, that is adjustable is this case. And this fact is consistent with the numbers quoted in the article: the minimum payment of $919 the Harts are making would be the combination of $721 (2.6% start rate on a $180,000 loan) and $198 of escrowed Property Taxes and Hazard Insurance, which is approximately what they would be for such a home.

In the Harts’ particular case, they are going to have plenty of time to refinance before their loan starts to recast when the principal hits 115% (which would be $207,000 in their situation), as they will be well below that total when their three year prepayment penalty period is up. So the answer to Louis’ “I don’t know how we’re going to do it,” is that when those three years are up, they’ll refinance and get themselves into a loan that they feel more comfortable with and educated about. Though given their situation, if properly understood the Payment Option Loan really is their best option.

My question is how can mortgage products themselves be blamed for foreclosures? At best the article points towards a correlation, but demonstrating causation surely requires more than offhanded references to what some unnamed experts stated the next wave of defaults “may” come from. Beyond unpredictable catastrophic occurences like job loss and overwhelming medical bills, foreclosures occur because borrowers are getting into loans that they do not understand, and often they do not know that they do not understand the mortgage product. It is the responsibility of the Mortgage Broker to completely explain all the details of any mortgage product to the borrower. But it is also the responsibility of the borrower to be certain that they understand the terms of loan before signing off on it at closing. Vehicles and guns both kill in the range of 35,000 Americans each year, but it is the human misuse due to lack of education, ignorance or simple negligance that creates this reality, much like in the mortgage scenario.

Every different mortgage product serves its purpose, and what works for one borrower will not work for another given the specifics of their situation. To label certain categories of loans as “high-risk gambles” or as leaving “no room for slips” ignores the millions of families that are in these loans and find that they very much work for them. It is also a disservice to consumers to mislead them with such one-sided representations.

The true irony of the lead piece in September 17th Sunday Denver Post is that the conclusion that “Option-ARMs… could fuel a surge in foreclosures in the next few years” is the opposite of what we find is actually going on in the mortgage industry, as Payment Option Loans have proven to have the lowest foreclosure rate of any mortgage product currently on the market. World Savings is a bank that specializes in this product, which they refer to as the Pick-A-Pay Loan, as more than 90% of the loans they outfit borrowers with are of the Option-ARM variety. As a lender they have less than a 1% percent foreclosure rate! But World Savings, along with the independent Mortage Brokers like myself that they work with, take on the responsibility of educating the borrowers as to how to properly and smartly manage this incredibly powerful mortgage product.

A lot of mortgage brokers I know will not touch Payment Option loans, but I believe that is primarily because they are not all that interested in educating the consumer. Why not just throw them into a 30-year fixed APR mortgage? Everyone pretty much knows how that works. But that is also how banks make of the most money off of borrowers! The “list of higher-risk, alternative mortgages” the article refers to are not only not necessarily higher risk (Payment Option loan has the lowest risk, as discussed above), but they also provide the borrower the opportunity to increase their monthly cash flow by lowering their monthly mortgage payments by as much as 40%. In this way consumers are empowered to “become the bank” and grow their own investment portfolio, rather than falling into the trap of handing over their hard earned capital to the banks in the form of a large down payment or paying down principal so that they can have more of a zero percent return investment, equity.

Affiliates of Lion Financial Corporation, like myself through my company Source Financial LLC, do not shy away from the privilege or responsibility of educating our clients how to properly utilize alternative mortgage packages. And why is this? Because when families are taught smart mortgage product and equity management, they learn to utilize their mortgage as a financial tool for building wealth, which easily makes a $500,000 to $1,000,000 difference for the borrower over the next fifteen to twenty years. The affluent have always understood how to leverage their mortgage, pay as little down as possible, and keep very low monthly payments in order to increase cash flow for investment purposes. The American middle class is being transformed by engaging in these very same concepts and increasing their fiscal discipline, and I absolutely would not have it any other way.

Brent Ritzel
President/CEO, Source Financial LLC
Denver, Colorado, USA
An affiliate of Lion Financial Corporation
303-590-8999
Brent.Ritzel@lionfinance.com

Here are some reasons why you would use a mortgage broker:

There are many reasons that you should use a mortgage broker and many advantages to using a mortgage broker. One reason to use a mortgage broker is because a mortgage broker has access to all kinds of different home loan programs.

A mortgage broker’s job is to assess your situation and then shop your loan via 100 different lenders in order to find you the most beneficial loan for your situation. We have access to over 1200 different loan programs and are able to obtain wholesale rates which can save you $100,000 plus over the life of your loan.

Here’s something to keep in mind. As a mortgage broker, I’m completely independent. I’m not employed by or work for any bank or lending institution. I work for my clients. The bank is going to look out for its best interests, isn’t it nice to have someone working for you, the borrower, and looking out for your best interests?

Many mortgage brokers have expertise in certain types of loans, such a construction-to-permanent loans, poor credit loans, or reverse mortgages. If your situation has special obstacles a mortgage broker may be the best answer.

A mortgage broker is an individual or firm that acts as an independent agent for both the borrower and the lender of a mortgage loan. Mortgage brokers are the middle man between you and the lending institution, which can be a bank, trust company, credit union, mortgage corporation, finance company or even an individual private investor. A mortgage broker will analyze your financial situation to determine which lender is the best fit for your loan needs.

Mortgage brokers have the advantage of being able to access dozens of rates quickly for similar loan programs from different lenders. Although banks have similar programs, their rates can vary widely. Mortgage brokers, through experience and through searching rates, can find which lenders are offering the lowest rates at any given moment.

Mortgage brokers have more options than banks. For example. if you have poor credit and need a sub-prime loan, your bank may have access to one option. A mortgage broker would have access to dozens. Other situations where mortgage brokers would be able to provide you with more options than a bank include manufactured homes, rural properties, commercial properties, first time home buyers, and special credit situations, such as bankruptcies and foreclosures.

Working with a mortgage broker has many benefits. Just to name a few: we discuss and explain the programs that are available to you in your particular situation. We inform you in writing that you loan interest rate is locked and wont change. We explain all the documents in plain English so you understand what you are signing. We explain all the costs involved in closing the loan. We give you a time-line of the loan process. We provide you with a good faith estimate. We also coordinate the final closing of your loan.

Mortgage brokers have access to wholesale rates, where as your local bank only has access to the rates that they offer. This can save you money on your monthly payment, especially if you have a unique situation that your bank will not be able to handle.

Mortgage brokers are also familiar with the area in which they operate. Using someone local has big advantages. With so much mortgage information online, it’s hard to know who to choose. If something goes wrong along the way with your loan, it is easier to deal with if you have a loan officer you can meet with face to face rather than a website or 800 number.

A mortgage broker is also able to move your file to another lender should a better deal appear. Or if there is a problem with your file in underwriting your mortgage broker can switch lenders within minutes and ensure you meet your close date. Local banks cannot do this.

Editors Note: Due to the mortgage and credit crunch, Low Down Payment Mortgage Programs may no longer be available. If you’re in need of a Denver Colorado Mortgage contact us to discuss your mortgage options.

Here’s no question about it: Buying a first home is a big financial commitment. In most cases, a home is the largest single purchase an individual or family will make in a lifetime. However, because of the tax advantages afforded to homeowners, buying a home also can be one of the best financial decisions you’ll ever make. Problem is, many would-be homeowners remain renters simply because they mistakenly believe mortgage lenders require that buyers come up with 20 percent of the purchase price as a down payment. While it’s true lenders feel it’s less risky to work with buyers who are able to bring a substantial down payment to the table, the standard 20 percent requirement is fast becoming a relic of the past. In recent years, lenders have become more flexible in working with first-time homebuyers by creating a variety of special programs that require only a small down payment. These programs, combined with the most favorable interest rates in two decades, have encouraged growing numbers of renters to consider the tremendous benefits of home ownership.

Private Mortgage Insurance: Most major lenders offer privately insured mortgages, which generally require a 10 percent down payment (although some lenders offer loans with a 5 percent down payment to buyers with exceptional credit). These loans typically are not limited by maximum loan amount or purchase price limitation.

While the list of programs offered by individual lenders is too extensive to mention in detail, here are some common programs you are likely to come across as you work with your real estate agent to purchase your first home: Federal Housing Administration (FHA): FHS mortgages allow homebuyers to purchase a home with as little as a 5 percent down payment, and to finance all non-recurring closing costs. The current maximum loan amount in most urban markets is $151,725. In addition, borrowers are allowed to use up to 41 percent of their gross income toward paying mortgage debt – well above the ratio allowed under most private programs.

Mortgage Revenue Bonds and Mortgage Credit Certificates: Mortgages funded with these instruments typically require a minimum of 5 percent down and have interest rates that are 1.5 to 2 percentage points below conventional 30-year fixed rates. These types of loans, offered by state and local housing agencies, are available only to first-time homebuyers. There generally are income and purchase price caps that vary, depending on where you plan to buy.

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): VA mortgages allow veteran or active service personnel purchase home with no down payment, up to the current maximum price of $184.000. However, there is no purchase price limitation for buyers able to make a down payment. Like the FHA program, VA borrowers can put up to 41 percent of gross income toward their mortgage debt.

Clearly, there are a lot of options for first-time homebuyers. While lenders will be more than happy to share information about their own programs, you can save yourself a good deal of time by first selecting a professional loan officer who is experienced in working with first-time buyers in the areas where you plan to buy. An agent who focuses on first-time buyers will know from experience which lenders in your area offer a low down payment program that will meet your unique needs. Today, taking the first step toward owning your own home is easier than before. Your real estate agent is your best resource for finding innovative ways to help you come up with a down payment and qualify for financing. There’s certainly no need to wait until you’ve saved a 20 percent down payment!

Piggyback mortgage strategies incorporating up to 80% first mortgage and up to an additional 45% in the form of a second mortgage or equity line of credit can allow borrowers with all types of credit to own a home with no money down.

In the case of many of today’s lenders, there may not be any down payment required. Lenders are constantly looking at making more and more programs available to people looking to purchase a new home. Lenders are willing to do 100% loans, with a credit score of 560 or better. This may not be the best option, that is why it is best to know that there are several low down payment programs, that may also be available to you.

In addition there are down payment assistance programs that can help with thousands of dollars for down payment and closing cost. Most cities have grant programs available that don’t have to be paid back.

Community Homebuyer Program: Through their networks of mortgage lenders, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) offer Community Homebuyer Program loans. These programs require a 5 percent down payment, 3 percent of which may be a gift. To further help buyers qualify, applicants may use 38 percent of their gross income. Currently, the maximum loan amount available through these programs is $203,150.

A FICO score is a number that rates a borrowers credit record. The score is based on a number of factors, including how well debts have been paid off, current levels of debt, types of credit, and length of credit history. Scores generally range from 350 to 900.

However if you are applying for a very aggressive loan, like a pay option arm, or responding to a promotion for excellent credit borrowers, multiple recent mortgage lateness’s will make it very challenging for us to get you a loan with the terms you are expecting. More than your improving your FICO score on your credit report, working to remove lates through credit repair will help ensure you get the home mortgage refinance or buy new home mortgage you deserve.

If there is incorrect information on your credit report such as a payment that was reported late that should not have we will be able to correct the information within 3-5 days by going directly through the 3 major credit bureaus and get a rescore to reflect what your credit score should be.

Credit scoring has been utilized by lenders for over 30 years. Credit scoring is a technology used by credit grantors to qualify the risk associated with extending credit to a given borrower. Risk is quantified by means of a score card which calculates a numeric value, or score, for a credit applicant a lender wants to evaluate. Score calculation is done based on information that has been determined to be indicative of future credit performance. There are many types of scoring methods currently utilized today including credit scoring, applicant scoring, behavioral scoring and several others. The type most relevant to the mortgage industry is credit scoring and among the most widely recognized is the FICO SCORE.

You should periodically review your FICO score and see if there is anything you can do to improve your score.

The are five main categories of information that the FICO score evaluates:1. Credit Payment History: 35% 2. Credit Balances: 30%3. Credit History: 15%4. Credit Inquiries: 10%5. Credit Types: 10%

Credit Payment History: 35%At 35% Credit Payment History weighs the most. While events such as a bankruptcy, foreclosure or tax liens will have the greatest negative impact on your score, multiple and/or recent late payments have a tremendous impact as well.

A new law allows borrowers to receive a free copy of your credit report from each of the credit reporting agencies every year. Visit www.annualcreditreport.com

The Fair, Isaac Corporation,(FICO) developed the formula for credit scoring. In general, the higher the score, the more creditworthy a borrower is in the eyes of the lender. A score of at least 680 indicates the borrower is very creditworthy.

Credit Balances: 30%What is your credit balance to your credit limit? The Outstanding Credit Balance ratio has the second highest weight on your credit score. High balances on your credit cards can be viewed as a red flag since it’s an indication that you may be overextended. If you have multiple credit cards, you may want to spread the wealth to keep the credit balances to credit limit ratio low.

Credit Inquiries: 10%Opening a new credit account doesn’t harm your credit score dramatically especially after you make the first payment. However, credit inquiries can negatively impact your score. Generating many credit inquiries exudes that you are trying to secure a large amount of credit or you are being turned down by lenders and have to apply elsewhere.

FICO score is one scoring system used by Experian, a credit profiling company. Two other companies have similar scoring systems that are just as widely accepted by lending banks. Together with Experian’s FICO score, credit reports that contain Trans Union’s Empirical score and Equifax’s Beacon score are often referred to as the Tri-Merge Report.

To keep a healthy or high FICO score you will need to at the very least do these 3 things:1 - Keep your balances on your credit cards to 50% of what your limit is2 - Always pay your bills on time - if you have to hold a bill and pay late make sure it’s not more than 30 days to post. 30 day lates really bring your credit scores down 3 - Try not to cancel cards you have had for a long time. Length of time on accounts plays a part into the scoring

For more information on how credit scores are developed, please visit: air, Isaac and Company (FICO)www.fairisaac.com200 Smith Ranch Road San Rafael, CA 94903ph: (415) 472-2211

There are many credit fixing agencies that will help raise fico scores for a potential borrower so they can put themselves in an overall better position for obtaining a loan. If your fico scores are low, there are still plenty of things that can be done to help bring scores up. Sometimes it takes little time and sometimes it takes longer but in the end the results can be fantastic.

Credit History: 15%Credit History is a reflection the length of time that you’ve had accounts open. You’re rewarded for keeping long term debt. Older credit accounts that have been used more frequently will have more weight than those that are newly opened or used with less frequency.

Most lending institutions categorize scores in to ranges. Generally scores above 800 are considered excellent, scores from 700-799 are considered good, scores from 600-699 are average, scores from 500-599 are considered poor, for scores below 500 there are very few lending options available. There are many lenders and each has their own guidelines for qualifying borrowers.

Credit Types: 10%This percentage of your FICO score is based on your mix of credit. Do you have a good mix of credit cards, retail accounts, installment loans, finance company accounts or mortgage loans? It looks at the whole picture and totals how much of each type of account that you have.

In the early 1980s the three major credit bureaus, Experian, Equifax and Trans Union all worked with the Fair, Isaac company to develop generic scoring models that allow each bureau to offer a score based solely on the contents of the credit bureau’s data about an individual. Creditors-especially those in the mortgage industry-frequently use the scores when deciding who receives loans. They can order your score, commonly called a FICO score, from one of the bureaus, but it only draws upon information from your credit report. Individual creditors often also consider other information, such as your salary or how long you have been employed at the same company when making loan decisions.

Your mortgage broker will be happy to review your FICO score and your complete credit report with you in detail, which is often a much better alternative to struggling to make sense of the abbreviated reports delivered by free credit report websites. Ask your mortgage professional for more information about this important subject.

Most people do not have perfect credit. Most people have FICO scores ranging from the low 600s to the high 700s. Mortgage applications typically are not rejected because of a few late payments.

Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA); a federally-chartered enterprise owned by private stockholders that purchases residential mortgages and converts them into securities for sale to investors; by purchasing mortgages, Fannie Mae supplies funds that lenders may loan to potential homebuyers.

Generally speaking, mortgage loans products than are sold to Fannie Mae will have the most attractive interest rates on the market. Also, the conforming loans (Fannie Mae products) do not normally have pre payment penalties.

Fannie Mae is apart of what are known as Government Sponsored Entities (GSE’s). Though government sponsored, are not government owned, just as the Federal Reserve is a privately owned but government sponsored corporation. Fannie Mae is responsible for over half of the conforming loan purchasing and investing in the nation and is largest real estate asset holding company in the nation. While Fannie Mae is an integral part of real estate loans in the nation, they still have their limitations of what they feel comfortable investing on for Wall Street. Because GSE’s like Fannie Mae are so influential to real estate financing, loans they will not buy are called non-conforming, or subprime mortgages.

All loans that are sold to Fannie Mae are underwritten according to Fannie Mae’s rules and guidelines. More information about Fannie Mae and their underwriting guidelines can be found on their website, simply type Fannie Mae into any search engine to find their site.

To sum it all up; Fannie Mae buys the mortgages on the secondary market, sells those mortgages in the form of securities to investors, which allows lenders to continue loaning money over and over again.

Since Fannie Mae is one of the two (the other being Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or FHLMC, also referred to as Freddie Mac) largest purchasers of mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market, it’s underwriting and product guidelines are widely accepted in the mortgage loan industry. Even in the world of non-conforming loans (loans that are not eligible to be sold to FNMA/FHLMC, usually due to the loan amount being larger than that allowed by FNMA/FHLMC), its underwriting criteria are still closely followed.

Mortgage loans that are eligible to be sold to FNMA are called conforming loans. Because lender banks can resell these loans to FNMA and recoup their investments immediately after closing, rather than having to wait 30 years to recover their investments, lenders are able to offer lower interest rates for conforming loan products. In addition, since every financial institution, regardless of its financial strength, can sell conforming loans to FNMA and immediately recoup its investments, smaller lenders with limited capital are able to compete with large international banks in offering loans in the primary market, thereby giving conforming loan borrowers even more competitive rates. Non-conforming loan products carry higher interest rates because banks cannot sell these loans to Fannie Mae and must sell to smaller investors or keep in their own investment portfolios for the length of the loan terms. Therefore, Fannie Mae plays an important role in every mortgagor’s loan transaction.

Because Fannie Mae was formed with the sole purpose of promoting homeownership in the United States by creating a healthy supply of mortgage funds, all of its underwriting guidelines are designed to benefit the average homeowners, and to keep the wealthy and the commercial sector from taking advantage of its functions. Amongst its many criteria, FNMA stipulates that the property must be for residential use. It also dictates the maximum loan amounts allowed. Other criteria that has to be met include percent of down payment in relation to purchase price, borrower’s capability to repay loan, cash reserves, the type of eligible properties, borrower’s credit worthiness, and other aspects of the loan file.

Started by Congress to help keep the secondary mortgage market going. As a tax-paying corporation, it insures mortgage money is available. They also buy and/or sell conventional residential mortgages, in addition to VA-guaranteed and FHA-insured mortgages.

Fannie Mae is also credited with developing two automated underwriting engines that revolutionized the underwriting process of conforming loans. Desktop Underwriter (DU) and Desktop Originator (DO) computerized the loan risk assessment process and are used by every conforming lender in the primary market.

Other sites: Mortgage Broker | Delinquency | Negative Amortization | MIP | VA | Fixed-rate mortgage | Mortgage banker| Pay Option Arm Calculator

Commercial Financing is underwritten on a case by case basis. Every loan application is unique and evaluated on its own merits, but there are a few common criteria lenders look for in commercial loan packages. Financial Analysis A key component in making an underwriting evaluation is the debt coverage ratio (DCR). The DCR is defined as the monthly debt compared to the net monthly income of the investment property in question. Loan to Value Most commercial lenders will require a minimum of 20% of the purchase price to be paid by the buyer. The remaining 80% can be in the form of a mortgage provided by either a bank or mortgage company. Credit Worthiness For businesses less than three years old, personal credit of principals will be evaluated. This may hold true for longer periods of time for tightly held companies. For corporations, business performance and credit ratings will be evaluated with a proven track record. Property Analysis Fair Market Value and Fair Market Rent will be analyzed. Special use property may require additional underwriting. Age, appearance, local market, location, and accessibility are some other factors considered.

To calculate the debt service coverage ratio, simply divide the net operating income (NOI) by the mortgage payment(s). For the sake of simplicity, let us assume that there is only one mortgage on the property: $500,000 First Mortgage 11% Interest, 30 years amortized Annual Payment (Debt Service) = $57,139 Then: DSCR = Net Operating Income (NOI) = $65,000 Total Debt Service $57,139 DSCR = 1.14

Most lenders will have a set Debt Coverage Ratio that they will want to see when considering underwriting the project. For example, retail property lenders may want to see a 1.3 DCR and an apartment lender may want to see a DCR of 1.2 or 1.25. The riskier the project, the higher the DCR.

There are several Lenders that will fund small commercial projects, similar to residential financing. Ask your Broker or Banker about these companies.

Depending on the market value and equity which you may have in your home or any other residential properties you may already own, it may be possible for you to refinance or obtain a second mortgage or HELOC to help cover all or part of a small to medium sized commercial real estate investment.

Commercial loans are for the most part a little harder to get than a residential loan.

Because higher loan amounts are often associated with Commercial Loans, some commercial lenders may require two appraisals from different certified appraisers if the loan amount exceeds a threshold limit. Certain lenders also require the service of their own approved appraisers.

Commercial properties are those other than a single family residence, 2-family, 3-family, or 4-family home. Properties that are 5 units or more, even though all units are of residential purposes, are considered commercial properties and require commercial financing. “Mixed-use” properties, those with a commercial unit and one or more residential units on the second/third floor, are also financed with commercial loans.

Appraising a commercial property is often more costly than appraising a residence of equal size

Another name for the Debt Coverage Ratio in the context of commercial mortgages is the Debt Service Coverage or Debt Service Coverage Ratio

The most important ratio to understand when making income property loans is the debt service coverage ratio. It equals Net Operating Income (NOI) divided by Total Debt Service.

I haven’t posted anything related to mortgages in a while so this week I decided to talk about the credit scoring model. First and foremost, FICO is the Fair Issac Corporation model. It’s used exclusively by Experian. The are five main categories of information that the FICO score evaluates:

Credit Payment History: 35%
At 35% Credit Payment History weighs the most. While events such as a bankruptcy, foreclosure or tax liens will have the greatest negative impact on your score, multiple and/or recent late payments have a tremendous impact as well.

Credit Balances: 30%
What is your credit balance to your credit limit? The Outstanding Credit Balance ratio has the second highest weight on your credit score. High balances on your credit cards can be viewed as a red flag since it’s an indication that you may be overextended. If you have multiple credit cards, you may want to spread the wealth to keep the credit balances to credit limit ratio low.

Credit History: 15%
Credit History is a reflection the length of time that you’ve had accounts open. You’re rewarded for keeping long term debt. Older credit accounts that have been used more frequently will have more weight than those that are newly opened or used with less frequency.

Credit Inquiries: 10%
Opening a new credit account doesn’t harm your credit score dramatically especially after you make the first payment. However, credit inquiries can negatively impact your score. Generating many credit inquiries exudes that you are trying to secure a large amount of credit or you are being turned down by lenders and have to apply elsewhere.

Credit Types: 10%
This percentage of your FICO score is based on your mix of credit. Do you have a good mix of credit cards, retail accounts, installment loans, finance company accounts or mortgage loans? It looks at the whole picture and totals how much of each type of account that you have.

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